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{{Infobox City |official_name = City of Los Angeles|nickname = The City of Angels, L.A.|website = www.ci.la.ca.us/|image_skyline = DowntownLosAngeles.jpg|image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg|image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles, California.svg|image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Los Angeles highlighted.svg|image_cap = Downtown Los Angeles (background) taken form North Hollywood in the state of [California|subdivision_type1 = [Counties of the United States|subdivision_name = California|government_type = [Mayor-council government|leader_title = Mayor of Los Angeles, California|leader_name = Antonio Villaraigosa|leader_title2 = Governing body|leader_name2 =[Los Angeles City Council|area_magnitude = 1 E8| unit_pref = Imperial|area_total_sq_mi = 498.3|area_total_km2 = 1290.6|area_land_sq_mi = 469.1|area_land_km2 = 1214.9|area_water_sq_mi = 29.2|area_water_km2 = 75.7|area_water_percent =5.8|population_as_of = 2006|population_total = 3849378|population_urban =|area_urban_km2 = 4319.9|area_urban_sq_mi = 1667.9|population_metro = 12,950,129|population_blank1_title = Demonym|utc_offset = -8|timezone_DST = [Pacific Daylight Time|utc_offset_DST = -7|latd = 34|latm = 03|lats =|latNS = N|longd = 118|longm = 15|longs =|longEW = W|elevation_m = 0– 1,548|elevation_ft = 0– 5,079|established_title = Settled|established_date= 1781|established_title2 = Incorporated|established_date2= April 4 1850 and in [Spanish language) is the largest city in the state of California by population and the List of United States cities by population. Often abbreviated as L.A., it is an global city having an estimated 2006 population of 3,849,378 U.S Census Bureau Estimates for Incorporated Places over 100,000 and spanning 469.1 square miles (1,214.9 square kilometers). The metropolitan area is the estimated home to nearly 13 million people. U.S. Census Bureau Estimates for Metropolitan Statistical Areas Los Angeles is the county seat of Los Angeles County, California and its inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos", though the correct Spanish spelling is Angelinos".

Los Angeles was founded in 1781 by Spain governor Felipe de Neve as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porciúncula). It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following independence from Spain and then a part of the United States in 1848 at the conclusion of the Mexican-American War. It was Municipal corporation as a municipality on April 4 1850—five months before California achieved U.S. state.

As an global city, Los Angeles is one of the world's centers of culture, technology, and international trade, and is home to world-renowned institutions in a broad range of professional and cultural fields. The city and its immediate vicinity lead the world in producing popular entertainment—such as film, television, and music industry—which forms the base of Los Angeles' international fame and global status.

History The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) and Chumash (tribe) Native Americans in the United States tribes thousands of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 under Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese explorer who claimed the area as the City of God for the Spanish Empire but continued with his voyage and did not establish a settlement.Willard, C. D., The Herald's History of Los Angeles (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes, 1901): 22. The next contact would not come until 227 years later when Gaspar de Portolà, together with Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2 1769. Crespi noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement. Father Crespi in Los Angeles

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junipero Serra had the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel built near Whittier Narrows in what is now called San Gabriel Valley. After a 1776 flood, the mission was moved to its present site in San Gabriel, California In 1777, the new governor of California, Felipe de Neve, recommended to the viceroy of New Spain that the site previously recommended by Juan Crespi be developed into a pueblo. The town was founded on September 4, 1781 by a group of 44 settlers and was named "El Pueblo de Blessed Virgin Mary del Los Angeles River#History," ("The Town of Blessed Virgin Mary on the Los Angeles River#History"). The History of Los Angeles County These settlers were of Filipino, Native American, African, and Spanish ancestry, with two-thirds being mestizo or mulatto; a majority of the settlers had at least partial African ancestry."Colonial records indicate that twenty-six of the forty-six original settlers of Los Angeles were of African or part-African ancestry." Mulroy, Kevin, et. al, eds, Seeking El Dorado:African Americans in California (Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage, 2001): 79. The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents. Los Angeles Historical Chronology Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.Acuna, Rodolfo, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (New York: Version, 1996): 22.

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. Mexican rule ended during the Mexican-American War, when Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating in the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847. Later, with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the Mexican government formally ceded Alta California and other territories to the United States.

from the Santa Ana Freeway.

Rail transport arrived when the Southern Pacific Railroad completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876.Mulholland, Catherine, William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): 15. Petroleum was discovered in 1892, and by 1923 Los Angeles was producing one-quarter of the world's petroleum. The Story of Oil in California By 1900, the population had grown to more than 100,000 people Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900, which began to put pressure on the city's water supply. The Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case) The 1913 completion of the Los Angeles aqueduct under the supervision of William Mulholland assured the continued growth of the city. In 1915, Los Angeles began the History of Los Angeles, California#Annexations of dozens of neighboring communities without water supplies of their own.

In the 1920s, the Cinema of the United States and aviation industries flocked to Los Angeles. In 1932, with population surpassing one million Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930, the city hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics. This period also saw the arrival of exiles from the increasing pre-war tension in Europe, including Thomas Mann, Fritz Lang, Bertolt Brecht, Arnold Schoenberg, and Lion Feuchtwanger. World War II brought new growth and prosperity to the city, although many of its Japanese-American residents were transported to internment camps for the duration of the war. The post-war years saw an even greater boom as urban sprawl expanded the city into the San Fernando Valley.Bruegmann, Robert, Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005): 133.

Much like the rest of the United States, Los Angeles in the 1960s and early 1970s had to come to terms with changing race relations; the Watts riots in 1965, the high school walkout by Chicano students in 1968, and the 1970 Chicano Moratorium were representative of the racial strife present within the city. In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first Advanced Research Projects Agency Network transmission was sent from University of California, Los Angeles to SRI International in Menlo Park, California. Was L.A. really Internet's ground zero?

In 1984, it hosted the Summer Olympics 1984 Summer Olympics. The rest of the 1980s was plagued by an increase in gang. Racial tensions surfaced again in 1991 with the Rodney King controversy and the 1992 Los Angeles riots that followed. In 1994, the 1994 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing 72 deaths.Reich, Kenneth, "Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72," Los Angeles Times 20 December 1995: B1. Also that year, O.J. Simpson led police on a slow-speed chase before surrendering to face murder charges in the deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. Despite propositions for the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood, Los Angeles, California sections to secede from the city in 2002, residents voted down secession. City of Los Angeles Secession Votes - 2002 The 2000s has seen a rise in urban redevelopment and gentrification in various parts of the city, most notably Echo Park, Los Angeles, California and Downtown Los Angeles. Welcome to Gentrification City

Geography Topography Los Angeles has a total area of 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km²), comprising 469.1 square miles (1,214.9 km²) of land and 29.2 square miles (75.7 km²) of water. This makes it the 14th largest city in land area in the United States. Top 100 Cities with Largest Land Area The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).

with Los Angeles in the distance.

The highest point in Los Angeles is Mount Lukens, also called Sister Elsie Peak. Located at the far reaches of the northeastern San Fernando Valley, it reaches a height of 5,080 ft (1,548 m). The major river is the Los Angeles River, which begins in the Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California district of the city and is largely seasonal. The river is lined in concrete for almost its entire length as it flows through the city into nearby Vernon, California on its way to the Pacific Ocean.

Geology Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability produces numerous fault lines both above and below ground, which altogether cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes every year. Earthquake Facts One of the major fault lines is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake. San Andreas Fault Set for the Big One Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt. Earthquake Facts Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Great Chilean Earthquake in 1960.http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm

Climate The city is situated in a Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen climate classification Csb on the coast, Csa inland), experiencing mild, somewhat wet winters and warm to hot summers. Breezes from the Pacific Ocean tend to keep the beach communities of the Los Angeles area cooler in summer and warmer in winter than those further inland; summer temperatures can sometimes be as much as 18 °F (10 °C) warmer in the inland communities compared to that of the coastal communities. Coastal areas also see a phenomenon known as the "marine layer," a dense cloud cover caused by the proximity of the ocean that helps keep the temperatures cooler throughout the year. When the marine layer becomes more common and pervades farther inland during the months of May and June, it is called June Gloom.

, as seen with Lotus (genus) Plants and Palm Trees.Temperatures in the summer can get well over 90 °F (32 °C), but average summer daytime highs in downtown are 82 °F (27 °C), with overnight lows of 63 °F (17 °C). Winter daytime high temperatures will get up to around 65 °F (18 °C), on average, with overnight lows of 48 °F (10 °C) and during this season rain is common. The warmest month is August, followed by July and then September. This somewhat large case of seasonal lag is caused by Los Angeles' proximity to the ocean and its latitude of 34° north.

The median temperature in January is 57 °F (13 °C) and 73 °F (22 °C) in August. The highest temperature recorded within city borders was 119.0 °F (48.33 °C) in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California on July 22, 2006;Pool, Bob. "In Woodland Hills, It's Just Too Darn Hot." Los Angeles Times July 26, 2006, B1. the lowest temperature recorded was 18.0 °F (−7.8 °C) in 1989, in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California. The highest temperature recorded for Downtown Los Angeles was 112.0 °F (44.4 °C) on June 26 1990, and the lowest temperature recorded was 24.0 °F (−5.0 °C) on January 9 1937.

Rain occurs mainly in the winter and spring months (February being the wettest month) with great annual variations in storm severity. Los Angeles averages 15 inches (38 centimeters) of precipitation per year. Snow is extraordinarily rare in the city basin, but the mountainous slopes within city limits typically receive snow every year. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.Burt, Christopher. Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book. New York: Norton, 2004: 100.{{Infobox Weather|single_line= Yes|location = Los Angeles, California (downtown)

|Jan_Hi_°F = 65 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = 90|Feb_Hi_°F = 66 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = 92|Mar_Hi_°F = 68 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = 93|Apr_Hi_°F = 70 |Apr_REC_Hi_°F = 96|May_Hi_°F = 73 |May_REC_Hi_°F = 99|Jun_Hi_°F = 76 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = 104|Jul_Hi_°F = 84 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = 103|Aug_Hi_°F = 82 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = 102|Sep_Hi_°F = 81 |Sep_REC_Hi_°F = 110|Oct_Hi_°F = 77 |Oct_REC_Hi_°F = 104|Nov_Hi_°F = 73 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = 96|Dec_Hi_°F = 68 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = 92|Year_Hi_°F = 73 |Year_REC_Hi_°F = 110|Jan_Hi_°C = 18 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 32|Feb_Hi_°C = 18 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 33|Mar_Hi_°C = 20 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C =33|Apr_Hi_°C = 21 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 35|May_Hi_°C = 22 |May_REC_Hi_°C = 37|Jun_Hi_°C = 24 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 40|Jul_Hi_°C = 29 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 39|Aug_Hi_°C = 27 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 39|Sep_Hi_°C = 27 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 43|Oct_Hi_°C = 25 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 40|Nov_Hi_°C = 22 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 35|Dec_Hi_°C = 20 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 33|Year_Hi_°C = 22 |Year_REC_Hi_°C = 43|Jan_Lo_°F = 48 |Jan_REC_Lo_°F = 28|Feb_Lo_°F = 49 |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = 34|Mar_Lo_°F = 50 |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 38|Apr_Lo_°F = 53 |Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 41|May_Lo_°F = 56 |May_REC_Lo_°F = 43|Jun_Lo_°F = 58 |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = 50|Jul_Lo_°F = 63 |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 54|Aug_Lo_°F = 63 |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 51|Sep_Lo_°F = 61 |Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 50|Oct_Lo_°F = 58 |Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 46|Nov_Lo_°F = 53 |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 40|Dec_Lo_°F = 50 |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = 24|Year_Lo_°F = 55 |Year_REC_Lo_°F = 24

|Jan_Precip_inch = 2.7|Feb_Precip_inch = 3.1|Mar_Precip_inch = 2.2|Apr_Precip_inch = 1.3|May_Precip_inch = 0.3|Jun_Precip_inch = 0.1|Jul_Precip_inch = 0|Aug_Precip_inch = 0|Sep_Precip_inch = 0.2|Oct_Precip_inch = 0.4|Nov_Precip_inch = 1.1|Dec_Precip_inch = 2.5|Year_Precip_inch = 14

|Jan_Lo_°C = 8 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -2|Feb_Lo_°C = 9 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = 1|Mar_Lo_°C = 10 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C =3|Apr_Lo_°C = 11 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C =5|May_Lo_°C = 13 |May_REC_Lo_°C = 6|Jun_Lo_°C = 14 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = 10|Jul_Lo_°C = 16 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 12|Aug_Lo_°C = 17 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 10|Sep_Lo_°C = 16 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = 10|Oct_Lo_°C = 14 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = 8|Nov_Lo_°C = 11 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = 4|Dec_Lo_°C = 10 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -4|Year_Lo_°C = 12 |Year_REC_Lo_°C = -4

|Jan_Precip_cm =6|Feb_Precip_cm = 7|Mar_Precip_cm = 5|Apr_Precip_cm = 3.3|May_Precip_cm = 0.8|Jun_Precip_cm = 0.2|Jul_Precip_cm = 0|Aug_Precip_cm = 0|Sep_Precip_cm = 0.5|Oct_Precip_cm = 1|Nov_Precip_cm = 2|Dec_Precip_cm = 6|Year_Precip_cm = 35|source =weatherbase.com{{cite web| url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=159227 | title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America | accessmonthday =Jun 19 | accessyear =2007| publisher = | language = -->|accessdate = Jun 2007|source2 =|accessdate2 =-->

Flora The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub, which covers the hillsides in combustible California chaparral and woodlands. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, coast live oak, and giant wild rye grass. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not native to the area, the official flower of Los Angeles is Strelitzia reginae. San Diego Zoo

Environmental issues with smog and downtown L.A. in the background. Griffith Observatory is seen to the left, Downtown Los Angeles in the center.Due to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to Temperature inversion, which holds in the fumes from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources. How Smog Forms in Los Angeles Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles only gets 15 inches (381 mm) of rain each year, allowing pollution to accumulate over multiple consecutive days. This has brought much attention from the state of California to mandate low emissions vehicles. As a result, pollution levels have dropped in recent decades. The number of Stage 1 smog alerts has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 annual report of the American Lung Association ranks the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution. People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Short-Term Particle Pollution. American Lung Association. Retrieved on January 5, 2007. People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution. American Lung Association. Retrieved on January 5, 2007. In addition, the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. With pollution still a significant problem, the city continues to take steps to improve air and water conditions.Lopez, Theresa Adams. " Air Quality Programs at the Port of Los Angeles saw Refinement in 2005 with Focus on Ramping up in 2006." Port of Los Angeles (News Release). February 17, 2006.Staff Writer. " Air Quality Protections Take Off." Environmental Defense. December 6, 2004.

Cityscape The city is divided into many neighborhoods, many of which were towns that were annexed by the growing city. There are also several independent cities in and around Los Angeles, but they are popularly grouped with the city of Los Angeles, either due to being completely engulfed as enclaves by Los Angeles, or lying within its immediate vicinity. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown LA, East Los Angeles (region), South Los Angeles, the Harbor Area, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, Wilshire, Los Angeles, California, the West Los Angeles (region), and the San Fernando Valley and Crescenta Valley Valleys.

Some well-known communities of Los Angeles include Watts, Los Angeles, California, Venice, Los Angeles, California, the Financial District, Los Angeles, California, Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California, Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California, Koreatown, Los Angeles, California, Westwood, Los Angeles, California and the more affluent areas of Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California, Benedict Canyon, Hollywood Hills, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, and Brentwood, Los Angeles, California.

Landmarks Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Chinatown, Los Angeles, California, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Disney Concert Hall, Kodak Theater, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theater, Hollywood sign, Hollywood Boulevard, Capitol Records Tower, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium and Mission Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles/Olvera Street.

Image:WaltDisneyConcertHall.jpeg]Image:PB050006.JPG|Hollywood SignImage:Grauman's Chinese Theatre, by Carol Highsmith.jpg]Image:IMG 9136.jpg|Griffith ObservatoryImage:0005.jpg]Image:Staplescenter.jpg|Staples CenterImage:LA Library.jpg]Image:Highsmithwattstowers.jpg|Watts Towers

Culture , designed by award-winning architect Frank Gehry, is home to the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

The people of Los Angeles are known as Angelenos. Nighttime hot spots include places such as Downtown Los Angeles, Silver Lake, Hollywood, and West Hollywood, which is the home of the world-famous Sunset Strip.

Some well-known shopping areas are the Hollywood and Highland complex, the Beverly Center, Melrose Avenue, Robertson Boulevard, Rodeo Drive, 3rd St. Promenade in Santa Monica, The Grove, Westside Pavilion, The Promenade at Howard Hughes Center and Venice Boardwalk.

Sports Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, the Los Angeles Galaxy and Chivas USA (both based in neighboring Carson, California) of Major League Soccer, the Los Angeles Riptide of Major League Lacrosse, and the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League. Los Angeles is also home to the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific 10 Conference. UCLA has more NCAA national championships, all sports combined, than any other university in America. USC has the third most NCAA national championships, all sports combined, in the United States. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and Anaheim Ducks are in the Los Angeles media market and are both based in nearby Anaheim, California.

is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

At one time, the Los Angeles media market boasted two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the media market in the same year (1995), with the Rams moving to Anaheim, California in 1980 before St Louis, Missouri and the Raiders heading back to Oakland, California. Through the 2007-8 season there is no NFL franchise in the Los Angeles market, which is the second-largest city and television market in the United States. Prior to 1995, the St. Louis Rams called Memorial Coliseum (1946-1979) and Anaheim Stadium (1980-1994) home; and the Oakland Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.Hong, Peter. "Few Tears Here." Los Angeles Times 29 June 1995: B1.

Since the franchise's departures the NFL as an organization, and individual NFL owners, have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Immediately following the 1995 NFL season, Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring went as far as packing up moving vans to start play in the Rose Bowl (stadium) under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season. The State of Washington filed a law suit to successfully prevent the move. Business Wire. "Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL franchise" 2 Feb 1996. (Accessed 3 September 2007) In 2003, then NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue indicated L.A. would get a new expansion team, a thirty-third franchise, after the choice of Houston over L.A. in the 2002 league expansion round.Satzman, Darrell. Los Angeles Business Journal. "NFL's interest in returning to L.A. long on desire, far from reality - Up Front". 27 Jan 2003. (Accessed 3 September 2007) When the New Orleans Saints were displaced from the Superdome by Hurricane Katrina media outlets reported the NFL was planning to move the team to Los Angeles permanently.Joyner, James. Outside the Beltway. "NFL May Move Saints to Los Angeles". 27 Oct 2005. (Accessed 3 September 2007) Despite these efforts, and the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, L.A. is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation.

Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer Olympic Games, in 1932 Summer Olympics and in 1984 Summer Olympics. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. The 1984 Summer Olympics inspired the creation of the Los Angeles Marathon, which has been held every year in March since 1986. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as soccer's international FIFA World Cup in 1994. Los Angeles applied to represent the United States Olympic Committee in international bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but lost to Chicago.

Beach volleyball and windsurfing were both invented in the area (though predecessors of both were invented in some form by Duke Kahanamoku in Hawaii). Venice, also known as Dogtown, is credited with being the birthplace of skateboarding and the place where Rollerblading first became popular. Area beaches are popular with party, Sun tanningers, surfing, swimming and barefooters, who have created their own subcultures.

, a premier venue for sports and entertainment, is home to five professional sports teams.

The Los Angeles area contains varied topography, notably the hills and mountains rising around the city, making Los Angeles the only major city in the United States bisected by a mountain range; four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries. Thousands of miles of trails crisscross the city and neighboring areas, providing opportunities for exercise and wilderness access on hiking, Mountain biking, or horse. Across the county a great variety of outdoor activities are available, such as skiing, rock climbing, gold panning, hang gliding, and windsurfing. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Angeles Chapter of the Sierra Club, which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area.

Los Angeles also boasts a number of sports venues, including the Staples Center, a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the Grammys. The Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL and the Avengers of the Arena Football League.

Media , headquarters for 20th Century Fox, in Century City a major financial district for West Los Angeles.

The major daily newspaper in the area is The Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major Spanish language-language paper. There are also a wide variety of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), L.A. Weekly, Los Angeles CityBeat, Los Angeles magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), Hollywood Reporter and Variety (magazine) (entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the English- and Spanish-language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, Korean, Persian, Russian and Japanese.

Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include the Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay, Los Angeles), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

The Los Angeles metro area is served by a wide variety of local television stations, and is the second-largest media market in North America (behind New York City and followed by Chicago and Toronto.)

Los Angeles, along with New York City, are the only two media markets to have all 7 VHF allocations possible assigned to it.http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm



The major network television affiliates include KABC-TV 7 (American Broadcasting Company), KCBS-TV 2 (Columbia Broadcasting Service), KNBC 4 (National Broadcasting Company), KTTV 11 (Fox Broadcasting Company), KTLA 5 (The CW Television Network), and KCOP 13 (My Network TV), and KPXN 30 (I (TV network)). There are also four Public Broadcasting System stations in the area, including KVCR 24, KCET 28, KOCE 50, and KLCS 58. World TV operates on two channels, KNET-LP 25 and KSFV-LP 6. There are also several Spanish-language television networks, including KMEX 34 (Univision), KFTR 46 (Telefutura), KVEA 52 (Telemundo), and KAZA-TV 54 (Azteca America). KTBN 40 (Trinity Broadcasting Network), is a religious station in the area.

Several independent television stations also operate in the area, including KCAL 9 (owned by CBS Corporation), KSCI 18 (focuses primarily on Asian language programming), KWHY 22 (Spanish-language), KNLA-LP 27 (Spanish-language), KSMV-LP 33 (variety) — a low power relay of Ventura-based KJLA 57 — KPAL-LP 38, KXLA 44, KDOC 56 (classic programming and local sports), KJLA 57 (variety), and KRCA 62 (Spanish-language).

Religion Los Angeles is home to adherents of many religions, with Roman Catholicism being the largest due to the high numbers of Hispanic, Filipino people, and Irish Americans.

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.Pomfret, John. Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights. Washington Post. April 2, 2006, accessed May 28, 2007 Roger Cardinal Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown.

of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest Mormon temple in the world.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest Temple (Latter Day Saints) operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood, Los Angeles, California of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first Mormon temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed. ""Los Angeles California Temple" The grounds includes a visitors' center open to the public, the Los Angeles Regional Family History Center, also open to the public, and the headquarters for the Los Angeles Mormon missionary.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the American Jews in the United States.http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm Many synagogues of the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist movements can be found throughout the city. Most are located in the San Fernando Valley and West Los Angeles. The area in West Los Angeles around Fairfax and Pico Boulevards contains a large amount of Orthodox Jews. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, California, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades. "Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues" Jewish Heritage Report Issue No. 1 / March 1997 (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos1-2/breedstreet.htm "Los Angeles’s Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians" Jewish Heritage Report Vol. II, Nos. 1-2 / Spring-Summer 1998)

The [Azusa Street Revival (1906–1909) in Los Angeles was a key milestone in the history of the Pentecostal movement, not long after Christian Fundamentalism received its name and crucial promotion in Los Angeles. In 1909, the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A., now Biola University) published and widely distributed a set of books called The Fundamentals, which presented a defense of the traditional conservative interpretation of the Bible. The term fundamentalism is derived from these books. Los Angeles is also a major hub of the House Church Movement. Dr. Gabe Veas is one of the leaders of this group, pastoring the house church network known as Authentic LA.



In the 1920s, Aimee Semple McPherson established a thriving evangelical ministry, with her Angelus Temple in Echo Park, Los Angeles, California open to both black and white church members of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. Billy Graham became a celebrity during a successful revival campaign in Los Angeles in 1949. Herbert W. Armstrong's Worldwide Church of God used to have its headquarters in nearby Pasadena, California, now in Glendale, California. Until his death in 2005, Dr. Gene Scott was based near downtown. The Metropolitan Community Church, a fellowship of Christian congregations with a focus on outreach to gays and lesbians, was started in Los Angeles in 1968 by Troy Perry. Jack Chick, of "Chick Publications," was born in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California and lived in the area most of his life.

at a Hindu temple in Los Angeles, devoted to the god, KrishnaBecause of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, there are numerous organizations in the area representing a wide variety of faiths, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í Faith, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhism congregations making the city home to the biggest variety of Buddhists in the world. Los Angeles currently has the largest Buddhist population in the United States. There are over 300 temples in Los Angeles. Los Angeles has been a destination for Swamis and Gurus since as early as 1900, including Paramahansa Yogananda (1920). The Self-Realization Fellowship is headquartered in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California and has a private park in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California. Los Angeles is the home to a number of Neopaganisms, as well as adherents of various other mystical religions. One wing of the Theosophist movement is centered in Los Angeles, and another is in neighboring Pasadena, California. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, considered a spiritual, rather than a religious leader, founded the Transcendental Meditation movement in Los Angeles in the late 1950s. The Kabbalah Centre is in the city. The Church of Scientology has had a presence in Los Angeles since it opened February 18, 1954, and it has several churches and museums in the area, most notably the Celebrity Centre in Hollywood.

Economy , consisting of many older buildings and towering skyscrapers. Companies such as Ernst & Young, Aon, Manulife, Paul Hastings, City National Bank, Union Bank of California and more have offices here.

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, film, music industry), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the United States. City-data.com The contiguous ports of Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California together comprise the most significant port in North America and one of the most important ports in the world, and they are vital to trade within the Pacific Rim. Other significant industries include media production, finance, telecommunications, law, health and medicine, and transportation.

For many years, up until the mid-1990s, Los Angeles was home to many major financial institutions in the western United States, including First Interstate Bank (disambiguation), which merged with Wells-Fargo in 1996, Great Western Bank, merged with Washington Mutual in 1998, and Security Pacific National Bank, which merged with Bank of America in 1992. Los Angeles was also home to the Pacific Stock Exchange until it closed in 2001.

The city is home to five major Fortune 500 companies, including aerospace contractor Northrop Grumman, energy company Occidental Petroleum, healthcare provider Health Net, homebuilding company KB Home, and metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum. The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer.Evan George, Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County, Los Angeles Downtown News, December 11, 2006.

consists of several large Glass Office Towers, Plazas, and Gardens. Companies like, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, KPMG, US Bank, Bank Of America, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu and more have offices here.

Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include Twentieth Century Fox, Latham & Watkins, Univision, Metro Interactive, LLC, Premier America, CB Richard Ellis, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Guess?, O'Melveny & Myers LLP, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker LLP, Tokyopop, The Jim Henson Company, Paramount Pictures, Robinsons-May, Sunkist, Fox Sports Net, Capital Group, 21st century Insurance, L.E.K. Consulting, and The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf.

The metropolitan area contains the headquarters of even more companies, many of whom wish to escape the city's high taxes. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE CITY’S GROSS RECEIPTS BUSINESS TAXUT Strategies, et al. Competitiveness of City Taxes and Fees. 1997. For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while many neighboring cities charge only small flat fees.Competitiveness 22. The companies below benefit from their proximity to Los Angeles, while at the same time avoiding the city's taxes (and other problems). Some of the major companies headquartered in the cities of Los Angeles county are Shakey's Pizza (Alhambra, California), Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Beverly Hills, California),

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